![]() ![]() We believe that the underestimated complexity and the controversy of nanofluid systems is related to the solid/liquid boundary layers between nanoparticles and the liquid, which at significant surface area of nanoparticles contribute to the fluid properties, resulting in three-phase systems. In this article we present a summary of systematic experimental studies of both thermo-physical properties and heat transfer in nanofluids. The studies devoted to evaluation of the heat transfer performance of nanofluids are scarce and inconclusive compared to the studies on the thermo-physical properties of various nanofluids indicating a significant gap between fundamental research and practical applications of nanofluids for thermal management. Įvaluation of cooling efficiency, i.e., ability to remove heat from the heat source, includes assessing flow regime-dependent contributions from thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, and density of the fluid and also depends on the applied flow regime. Large volume of studies devoted to characterization of individual thermo-physical properties of nanofluids, such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, and agglomeration of nanoparticles, has been summarized in a number of review articles. However, due to the wide variety and the complexity of the nanofluid systems, no agreement has been achieved on the magnitude of potential benefits of using nanofluids for heat transfer applications. Suspensions of solid submicron- and nanometer-sized particles in various fluids (also called nanofluids) have been considered for applications as advanced heat transfer fluids for almost two decades. ![]()
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